基于生态视角的粮食主产区利益补偿估算研究

为了更加有效地衡量粮食主产区发展粮食生产支付的成本,改变现行的与过去农业税计税面积挂钩的各项经济补偿方法提供帮助,采取从生态视角人手的方法,在虚拟水补偿、碳吸收补偿和土壤有机质含量下降补偿三者相结合的基础上,构建了粮食主产区利益补偿估算模型.利用全国最大的粮食生产省份黑龙江省2011年的数据,带入估算模型得到了水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆的单位重量补偿金额,进而换算成单位面积补偿金额,对估算数据进行了简要说明,并对今后的进一步研究提出了展望.     

Carbon sequestration in soils with annual inputs of maize biomass and maize-derived animal manure: Evidence from C abundance

The abundance of ¹³C was determined over a period of nine years in two soils (LUN, coarse sand; ASK, sandy loam) following their conversion from C3-crops and to the C4-crop silage maize (Zea mays L.). The soils were exposed to identical management and climatic conditions, and were sampled every second year. The aboveground maize biomass was either removed (stubbles and roots left), chopped and added to the soil, or fed to sheep and the faeces then added to the soil. Annual inputs of maize biomass and sheep faeces were similar (0.8 kg DM m⁻²). The study included soils maintained under C3-crops (beet roots, Beta vulgaris L.). After nine years of maize cropping, soil C from stubbles and roots accounted for 12 and 16% of the total-C in the LUN and ASK soil, respectively. Without additional organic amendment the content of total-C in the ASK soil remained constant and similar to that of soil retained under C3-crops whereas total-C tended to decrease in the LUN soil. When maize biomass and sheep faeces were added, soil total-C increased and C from these C4-sources averaged 14% and 21% of the soil total-C, respectively. Following nine annual additions, retention of C added in aboveground maize biomass averaged 19% while the retention of C added in maize-derived faeces was 30%. Our study infers that that ruminant manure C contributes about 50% more to soil C sequestration than C applied in crop residues.     

旱伞草水热炭的稳定性特征及固碳潜能

为探究湿地植物旱伞草水热炭的稳定性特征与固碳潜能,分别在200、220、240℃和260℃下制备旱伞草水热炭,通过元素分析、红外光谱分析、X射线衍射分析、热重分析及化学氧化分析等方法分别探究了水热炭的理化性质及热稳定性和化学稳定性,并对不同温度水热炭的固碳潜能进行评估。结果表明：随着水热碳化温度升高,水热炭产率下降,pH值和灰分含量上升,H/C和O/C降低,—OH、—C—O等不稳定含氧官能团减少,芳香化程度增加。热重分析和稳定性系数（R₅₀）分析结果表明,不同温度制备的水热炭的R₅₀值为0.47~0.59。H₂O₂氧化试验表明,中低温（220℃）制备的水热炭的抗氧化性能最好,其氧化后稳定碳含量为54.14%。此外,固碳潜能分析结果表明,随着碳化温度的升高,旱伞草水热炭的固碳系数在30.21%~31.54%范围内波动,长期固碳潜能的CO₂当量为2.76~2.88 Mt·a^-1。研究表明：200℃和220℃制备的中低温水热炭具有较好的化学稳定性,且在短期固碳效果上具有优势;而260℃制备的高温水热炭具有最佳的热稳定性和长期固碳潜能,在固碳减排方面具有良好的应用前景。     

Nitrogen-fixation dynamics in a cut-and-carry silvopastoral system in the subhumid conditions of Guadeloupe, French Antilles

This paper summarizes several studies on N recycling in a tropical silvopastoral system for assessing the ability of the system to increase soil fertility and insure sustainability. We analyzed the N₂ fixation pattern of the woody legume component (Gliricidia sepium), estimated the recycling rate of the fixed N in the soil, and measured N outputs in tree pruning and cut grass (Dichanthium aristatum). With this information, we estimated the N balance of the silvopastoral system at the plot scale. The studies were conducted in an 11-year-old silvopastoral plot established by planting G. sepium cuttings at 0.3 m × 2 m spacing in natural grassland. The plot was managed as a cut-and-carry system where all the tree pruning residues (every 2-4 months) and cut grass (every 40-50 days) were removed and animals were excluded. No N fertilizer was applied. Dinitrogen fixation, as estimated by the ¹⁵N natural abundance method, ranged from 60-90% of the total N in aboveground tree biomass depending on season. On average, 76% of the N exports from the plot in tree pruning (194 kg [N] ha^–1 yr^–1) originated from N₂ fixation. Grass production averaged 13 Mg ha^–1 yr^–1 and N export in cut grass was 195 kg [N] ha^–1 yr^–1. The total N fixed by G. sepium, as estimated from the tree and grass N exports and the increase in soil N content, was about 555 kg [N] ha^–1 yr^–1. Carbon sequestration averaged 1.9 Mg [C] ha^–1 yr^–1 and soil organic N in the 0-0.2 m layer increased at a rate of 166 kg [N] ha^–1 yr^–1, corresponding to 30% of N₂ fixation by the tree. Nitrogen released in nodule turnover (10 kg [N] ha^–1 yr^–1) and litter decomposition (40 kg [N] ha^–1 yr^–1) contributed slightly to this increase, and most of the recycled N came from the turnover or the activity of other below-ground tree biomass than nodules. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on rhizodeposition from Lolium perenne grown on soil exposed to 9 years of CO2 enrichment

The effects of enriched CO₂ atmosphere on partitioning of recently assimilated carbon were investigated in a plant-soil-microorganism system in which Lolium perenne seedlings were planted into cores inserted into the resident soil within a sward that had been treated with elevated CO₂ for 9 consecutive years, under two N fertilisation levels (Swiss FACE experiment). The planted cores were excavated from the ambient (35 Pa pCO₂) and enriched (60 Pa pCO₂) rings at two dates, in spring and autumn, during the growing season. The cores were brought back to the laboratory for ¹⁴C labelling of shoots in order to trace the transfer of recently assimilated C both within the plant and to the soil and microbial biomass. At the spring sampling, high N supply stimulated shoot and total dry matter production. Consistently, high N enhanced the allocation of recently fixed C to shoots, and reduced it to belowground compartments. Elevated CO₂ had no consequences for DM or the pattern of C allocation. At the autumn sampling, at high N plot, yield of L. perenne was stimulated by elevated CO₂. Consistently, ¹⁴C was preferentially allocated aboveground and, consequently belowground recent C allocation was depressed and rhizodeposition reduced. At both experimental periods, total soil C content was similar in all treatments, providing no evidence for soil carbon sequestration in the Swiss Free Air CO₂ Enrichment experiment (FACE) after 9 years of enrichment. Recently assimilated C and soil C were mineralised faster in soils from enriched rings, suggesting a CO₂-induced shift in the microbial biomass characteristics (structure, diversity, activity) and/or in the quality of the root-released organic compounds.     

水稻低碳生产研究进展

 稻田是甲烷(methane,CH4)和氧化亚氮(nitrous oxide,N2O)的重要发生源。稻田中CH4和N2O的产生、消耗以及传输过程受稻田土壤类型、水分条件、肥料种类、施肥量及方法、耕作模式和制度、水稻品种等多种因素影响。CH4和N2O具有不同的排放特性,很多研究结果表明,水稻生长期间的中期排水烤田、后期干湿交替能显著降低CH4排放量,但同时也可能促进N2O的排放,因此,如何同时减少CH4和N2O的排放量是实现稻田低碳生产的关键要素;另一方面,稻田土壤的碳固定也是使稻田系统从源转变成汇的关键技术。从水稻生产过程中CH4排放、N2O排放、稻田土壤有机碳动态、减排措施四个方面综述了近年来水稻低碳生产相关研究状况,重点总结了国内外有关影响稻田CH4和N2O排放的关键影响因素、增加稻田土壤有机质含量的主要措施以及各种减排措施的全球增温潜势评价研究,并对水稻低碳生产研究作了展望。     

Carbon stock and rate of carbon sequestration in Dipterocarpus forests of Manipur,Northeast India

We examined the carbon stock and rate of carbon sequestration in a tropical deciduous forest dominated by Dipterocarpus tuberculatus in Manipur,North East India.Estimation of aboveground biomass was determined by harvest method and multiplied with density of tree species.The aboveground biomass was between18.27–21.922 t ha-1and the carbon stock ranged from9.13 to 10.96 t C ha-1across forest stands.Aboveground biomass and carbon stock increased with the increase in tree girth.The rate of carbon sequestration varied from1.4722 to 4.64136 t ha-1year-1among the dominant tree species in forest stands in tropical deciduous forest area.The rate of carbon sequestration depends on species composition,the density of large trees in different girth classes,and anthropogenic disturbances in the present forest ecosystem.Further work is required to identify tree species having the highest potential to sequester CO2 from the atmosphere,which could lead to recommendations for tree plantations in a degraded ecosystem.     

广东省林业碳汇解析及提升潜力分析

森林经营在增强二氧化碳吸收方面具有重要作用,在全球气候变化背景下,本文阐述了《联 合国气候变化框架公约》中我国的履约目标,并评估了 2005 年和 2010 年广东省土地利用变化和林业领 域的固碳量。结果显示广东省 2005 年森林生物量生长碳吸收合计总量为 47.02×109 kg 二氧化碳当量,乔 木林固碳占总固碳量的 88.87%,采伐消耗温室气体排放 11.47×109 kg 二氧化碳当量,采伐消耗温室气 体排放二氧化碳当量占总排放量的 76.12%。2010 年固碳量增长 11.68%,采伐消耗温室气体排放增加了 19.85%。通过对比分析,探讨了广东省林业碳汇的提升潜力及方向。     

Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

2000-2015年黄土高原生态系统水源涵养、土壤保持和NPP服务的时空分布与权衡/协同关系

生态系统服务评估决定区域可持续发展,对人类福祉至关重要。以黄土高原为研究区域,基于CASA、InVEST和RUSLE模型,结合土地利用类型、归一化植被指数、气象等数据,分析了2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年的NPP、土壤保持和水源涵养3项关键生态系统服务的时空分布特征,识别了3种生态系统服务的热点区,并基于相关系数法分析了黄土高原地区和不同气候区(干旱气候区、半干旱气候区、高原气候区、半湿润气候区)不同生态系统服务间的权衡/协同关系。结果表明:(1)2000—2015年,黄土高原地区的土地利用类型变化剧烈,其中林地(2.8%)和建设用地(43.1%)显著增加,耕地(-2.7%)明显减少;(2)2000—2015年,净初级生产力(NPP)、产水量和土壤保持均呈现增长趋势,分别增加14.1%,5.3%和101.3%;(3)黄土高原的4类热点区(非热点区、一类热点区、二类热点区、三类热点区)所占面积变化不显著,分布具有明显的地带性,从西北到东南依次为非热点区、一类热点区、二类热点区和三类热点区;(4)在整个黄土高原地区,土壤保持与NPP、水源涵养之间为协同关系,NPP与水源涵养为权衡关系;在4个气候区,NPP与土壤保持之间的权衡/协同关系与黄土高原地区一致,但土壤保持和水源涵养在半干旱气候区和半湿润气候区呈权衡关系,NPP与水源涵养在高原气候区和半湿润气候区为协同关系。为促进区域生态系统可持续管理,应在土地规划过程中考虑生态系统服务之间的相互关系,尽可能减少权衡,增加协同。